Читать книгу "Гендерный мозг. Современная нейробиология развенчивает миф о женском мозге  - Джина Риппон"

Глава 13

Что скрывается в ее хорошенькой головке, или Обновление в двадцать первом столетии

1. E. Racine, O. Bar-Ilan and J. Illes, ‘fMRI in the Public Eye’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6:2 (2005), p. 159. • 2. T. D. Satterthwaite, D. H. Wolf, D. R. Roalf, K. Ruparel, G. Erus, S. Vandekar, E. D. Gennatas, M. A. Elliott, A. Smith, H. Hakonarson and R. Verma, ‘Linked Sex Differences in Cognition and Functional Connectivity in Youth’, Cerebral Cortex 25:9 (2014), pp. 2383–94. • 3. D. Weber, V. Skirbekk, I. Freund and A. Herlitz, ‘The Changing Face of Cognitive Gender Differences in Europe’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:32 (2014), pp. 11673–8. • 4. F. Macrae, ‘Female brains really ARE different to male minds with women possessing better recall and men excelling at maths’, Mail Online, 28 July 2014, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2709031/Female-brains-really-ARE-different-male-mindswomen-possessing-better-recall-men-excelling-maths.html (accessed 10 November 2018). • 5. ‘Brain regulates social behavior differences in males and females’ («Мозг управляет различиями в социальном поведении мужчин и женщин»), Neuroscience News, 31 October 2016, https://neurosciencenews.com/sex-difference-social-behavior-5392 (accessed 10 November 2018). • 6. K. Hashikawa, Y. Hashikawa, R. Tremblay, J. Zhang, J. E. Feng, A. Sabol, W. T. Piper, H. Lee, B. Rudy and D. Lin, ‘Esr1+ Cells in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Control Female Aggression’, Nature Neuroscience 20:11 (2017), p. 1580. • 7. D. Joel, personal communication, 2017. • 8. ‘Science explains why some people are into BDSM and some aren’t’, India Times, 7 October 2017. • 9. K. Hignett, ‘Everything “the female brain” gets wrong about the female brain’, Newsweek, 10 February 2018, https://www.newsweek.com/science-behind-female-brain-802319 (accessed 10 November 2018). • 10. Fine, Delusions of Gender; Fine, ‘Is There Neurosexism’. • 11. C. M. Leonard, S. Towler, S. Welcome, L. K. Halderman, R. Otto, M. A. Eckert and C. Chiarello, ‘Size Matters: Cerebral Volume Influences Sex Differences in Neuroanatomy’, Cerebral Cortex 18:12 (2008), pp. 2920–31; E. Luders, A. W. Toga and P. M. Thompson, ‘Why Size Matters: Differences in Brain Volume Account for Apparent Sex Differences in Callosal Anatomy – The Sexual Dimorphism of the Corpus Callosum’, NeuroImage 84 (2014), pp. 820–24. • 12. J. Hänggi, L. Fövenyi, F. Liem, M. Meyer and L. Jäncke, ‘The Hypothesis of Neuronal Interconnectivity as a Function of Brain Size – A General Organization Principle of the Human Connectome’, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 8 (2014), p. 915. • 13. D. Marwha, M. Halari and L. Eliot, ‘Meta-analysis Reveals a Lack of Sexual Dimorphism in Human Amygdala Volume’, NeuroImage 147 (2017), pp. 282–94; A. Tan, W. Ma, A. Vira, D. Marwha and L. Eliot, ‘The Human Hippocampus is not Sexually-Dimorphic: Meta-analysis of Structural MRI Volumes’, NeuroImage 124 (2016), pp. 350–66. • 14. S. J. Ritchie, S. R. Cox, X. Shen, M. V. Lombardo, L. M. Reus, C. Alloza, M. A. Harris, H. L. Alderson, S. Hunter, E. Neilson and D. C. Liewald, ‘Sex Differences in the Adult Human Brain: Evidence from 5216 UK Biobank Participants’, Cerebral Cortex 28:8 (2018), pp. 2959–75. • 15. T. Young, ‘Why can’t a woman be more like a man?’, Quillette, 24 May 2018, https://quillette.com/2018/05/24/cant-woman-like-man (accessed 10 November 2018). • 16. J. Pietschnig, L. Penke, J. M. Wicherts, M. Zeiler and M. Voracek, ‘Meta-analysis of Associations between Human Brain Volume and Intelligence Differences: How Strong Are They and What Do They Mean?’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 57 (2015), pp. 411–32. • 17. D. C. Dean, E. M. Planalp, W. Wooten, C. K. Schmidt, S. R. Kecskemeti, C. Frye, N. L. Schmidt, H. H. Goldsmith, A. L. Alexander and R. J. Davidson, ‘Investigation of Brain Structure in the 1-Month Infant’, Brain Structure and Function 223:4 (2018), pp. 1953–70. • 18. ‘Finding withdrawn after major author correction: “Sex differences in human brain structure are already apparent at one month of age”’(«Результаты удалены после исправления автором: “Половые различия в структуре человеческого мозга заметны уже в возрасте одного месяца”), British Psychological Society Research Digest, 15 March 2018, https://digest.bps.org.uk/2018/01/31/sexdifferences-in-brain-structure-are-already-apparent-at-one-month-of-age (accessed 10 November 2018). • 19. D. C. Dean, E. M. Planalp, W. Wooten, C. K. Schmidt, S. R. Kecskemeti, C. Frye, N. L. Schmidt, H. H. Goldsmith, A. L. Alexander and R. J. Davidson, ‘Correction to: Investigation of Brain Structure in the 1-Month Infant’, Brain Structure and Function 223:6 (2018), pp. 3007–9. • 20. As seen on Pinterest. • 21. R. Rosenthal, ‘The File Drawer Problem and Tolerance for Null Results’, Psychological Bulletin 86:3 (1979), p. 638. • 22. S. P. David, F. Naudet, J. Laude, J. Radua, P. Fusar-Poli, I. Chu, M. L. Stefanick and J. P. Ioannidis, ‘Potential Reporting Bias in Neuroimaging Studies of Sex Differences’, Scientific Reports 8:1 (2018), p. 6082. • 23. V. Brescoll and M. LaFrance, ‘The Correlates and Consequences of Newspaper Reports of Research on Sex Differences’, Psychological Science 15:8 (2004), pp. 515–20. • 24. C. Fine, R. Jordan-Young, A. Kaiser and G. Rippon, ‘Plasticity, Plasticity, Plasticity… and the Rigid Problem of Sex’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 17:11 (2013), pp. 550–51. • 25. B. B. Biswal, M. Mennes, X.-N. Zuo, S. Gohel, C. Kelly, S. M. Smith, C. F. Beckmann, J. S. Adelstein, R. L. Buckner, S. Colcombe and A. M. Dogonowski, ‘Toward Discovery Science of Human Brain Function’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:10 (2010), pp. 4734–9. • 26. Van Anders et al., ‘The Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds’. • 27. M. N. Muller, F. W. Marlowe, R. Bugumba and P. T. Ellison, ‘Testosterone and Paternal Care in East African Foragers and Pastoralists’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276:1655 (2009), pp. 347–54. • 28. S. M. van Anders, R. M. Tolman and B. L. Volling, ‘Baby Cries and Nurturance Affect Testosterone in Men’, Hormones and Behavior 61:1 (2012), pp. 31–6. • 29. W. James, The Principles of Psychology, 2 vols (New York, Henry Holt, 1890). • 30. E. K. Graham, D. Gerstorf, T. Yoneda, A. Piccinin, T. Booth, C. Beam, A. J. Petkus, J. P. Rutsohn, R. Estabrook, M. Katz and N. Turiano, ‘A Coordinated Analysis of Big-Five Trait Change across 16 Longitudinal Samples’ (2018), доступно на сайте https://osf.io/ryjpc/download/?format=pdf (accessed 10 November 2018) • 31. D. Halpern, Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities, 4th edn (Hove, Psychology Press, 2012). • 32. Halpern et al. ‘The Science of Sex Differences in Science and Mathematics’. • 33. J. S. Hyde, ‘The Gender Similarities Hypothesis’, American Psychologist 60:6 (2005), p. 581. • 34. E. Zell, Z. Krizan and S. R. Teeter, ‘Evaluating Gender Similarities and Differences Using Metasynthesis’, American Psychologist 70:1 (2015), pp. 10–20.

Глава 14

Марс, Венера или Земля? Неужели мы все время ошибались в отношении пола?

1. A. Montañez, ‘Beyond XX and XY’, Scientific American 317:3 (2017), pp. 50–51. • 2. D. Joel, ‘Genetic-Gonadal-Genitals Sex (3G-Sex) and the Misconception of Brain and Gender, or, Why 3G-Males and 3G-Females Have Intersex Brain and Intersex Gender’, Biology of Sex Differences 3:1 (2012), p. 27. • 3. C. P. Houk, I. A. Hughes, S. F. Ahmed and P. A. Lee, ‘Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management’, Pediatrics 118:2 (2006), pp. 753–7. • 4. C. Ainsworth, ‘Sex Redefined’, Nature 518:7539 (2015), p. 288. • 5. Там же. • 6. V. Heggie, ‘Nature and sex redefined – we have never been binary’, Guardian, 19 February 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/science/the-h-word/2015/feb/19/nature-sex-redefined-wehave-never-been-binary • 7. A. Fausto-Sterling, ‘The Five Sexes’, Sciences 33:2 (1993), pp. 20–24. • 8. A. Fausto-Sterling, ‘The Five Sexes, Revisited’, Sciences 40:4 (2000), pp. 18–23. • 9. A. P. Arnold and X. Chen, ‘What Does the “Four Core Genotypes” Mouse Model Tell Us about Sex Differences in the Brain and Other Tissues?’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 30:1 (2009), pp. 1–9. • 10. Montañez, ‘Beyond XX and XY’. • 11. L. Cahill, ‘Why Sex Matters for Neuroscience’, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7:6 (2006), p. 477. • 12. A. N. Ruigrok, G. Salimi-Khorshidi, M. C. Lai, S. Baron-Cohen, M. V. Lombardo, R. J. Tait and J. Suckling, ‘A Meta-analysis of Sex Differences in Human Brain Structure’, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 39 (2014), pp. 34–50. • 13. Tan et al., ‘The Human Hippocampus is not Sexually-Dimorphic’; D. Marwha, M. Halari and L. Eliot, ‘Meta-analysis Reveals a Lack of Sexual Dimorphism in Human Amygdala Volume’, NeuroImage 147 (2017), pp. 282–94. • 14. Ingalhalikar et al., ‘Sex Differences in the Structural Connectome of the Human Brain’. • 15. Hänggi et al., ‘The Hypothesis of Neuronal Interconnectivity’. • 16. D. Joel and M. M. McCarthy, ‘Incorporating Sex as a Biological Variable in Neuropsychiatric Research: Where Are We Now and Where Should We Be?’, Neuropsychopharmacology 42:2 (2017), p. 379. • 17. D. Joel, Z. Berman, I. Tavor, N. Wexler, O. Gaber, Y. Stein, N. Shefi, J. Pool, S. Urchs, D. S. Margulies and F. Liem, ‘Sex beyond the Genitalia: The Human Brain Mosaic’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:50 (2015), pp. 15468–73. • 18. M. Del Giudice, R. A. Lippa, D. A. Puts, D. H. Bailey, J. M. Bailey and D. P. Schmitt, ‘Joel et al.’s Method Systematically Fails to Detect Large, Consistent Sex Differences’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:14 (2016), p. E1965. • 19. D. Joel, A. Persico, J. Hänggi, J. Pool and Z. Berman, ‘Reply to Del Giudice et al., Chekroud et al., and Rosenblatt: Do Brains of Females and Males Belong to Two Distinct Populations?’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:14 (2016), pp. E1969–70. • 20. L. MacLellan, ‘The biggest myth about our brains is that they are “male” or “female”’, Quartz, 27 August 2017, https://qz.com/1057494/the-biggest-myth-about-our-brains-is-that-theyremale-or-female (accessed 10 November 2018). • 21. S. M. van Anders, ‘The Challenge from Behavioural Endocrinology’, pp. 4–6 in J. S. Hyde, R. S. Bigler, D. Joel, C. C. Tate and S. M. van Anders, ‘The Future of Sex and Gender in Psychology: Five Challenges to the Gender Binary’, American Psychologist (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10103.7/amp0000307. • 22. S. M. Van Anders, ‘Beyond Masculinity: Testosterone, Gender/Sex, and Human Social Behavior in a Comparative Context’, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 34:3 (2013), pp. 198–210. • 23. Anders, ‘The Challenge from Behavioural Endocrinology’. • 24. J. S. Hyde, ‘The Gender Similarities Hypothesis’, American Psychologist 60:6 (2005), p. 581; E. Zell, Z. Krizan and S. R. Teeter, ‘Evaluating Gender Similarities and Differences Using Metasynthesis’, American Psychologist 70:1 (2015), p. 10. • 25. B. J. Carothers and H. T. Reis, ‘Men and Women are from Earth: Examining the Latent Structure of Gender’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104:2 (2013), p. 385. • 26. H. T. Reis and B. J. Carothers, ‘Black and White or Shades of Gray: Are Gender Differences Categorical or Dimensional?’, Current Directions in Psychological Science 23:1 (2014), pp. 19–26. • 27. Joel et al., ‘Sex beyond the Genitalia’. • 28. Martin and Ruble, ‘Children’s Search for Gender Cues’. • 29. I. Savic, A. Garcia-Falgueras and D. F. Swaab, ‘Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation’, Progress in Brain Research 186 (2010), pp. 41–62; Joel, ‘Genetic-Gonadal-Genitals Sex (3G-Sex) and the Misconception of Brain and Gender’. • 30. J. J. Endendijk, A. M. Beltz, S. M. McHale, K. Bryk and S. A. Berenbaum, ‘Linking Prenatal Androgens to Gender-Related Attitudes, Identity, and Activities: Evidence from Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia’, Archives of Sexual Behavior 45:7 (2016), pp. 1807–15. • 31. Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl. • 32. ‘Transgender Equality: House of Commons Backbench Business Debate – Advice for Parliamentarians’, Equality and Human Rights Commission, 1 December 2016, available at https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/file/21151/download?token=Z7I8opi2 (accessed 10 November 2018) • 33. ‘Gender confirmation surgeries rise 20 % in first ever report’, American Society of Plastic Surgeons website, 22 May 2017, https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/press-releases/genderconfirmation-surgeries-rise-20-percent-in-first-ever-report (accessed 10 November 2018). • 34. House of Commons Women and Equalities Committee, Transgender Equality: First Report of Session 2015–16, HC 390, 8 December 2015, available at https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201516/cmselect/cmwomeq/390/390.pdf (accessed 10 November 2018). • 35. C. Turner, ‘Number of children being referred to gender identity clinics has quadrupled in five years’, Telegraph, 8 July 2017, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/08/number-children-referred-genderidentity-clinics-has-quadrupled (accessed 10 November 2018). • 36. J. Ensor, ‘Bruce Jenner: I was born with body of a man and soul of a woman’, Telegraph, 25 April 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11562749/Bruce-Jenner-I-was-born-with-body-of-a-manand-soul-of-a-woman.html (accessed 10 November 2018). • 37. C. Odone, ‘Do men and women really think alike?’, Telegraph, 14 September 2010, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/8001370/Do-men-and-womenreally-think-alike.html (accessed 10 November 2018). • 38. T. Whipple, ‘Sexism fears hamper brain research’, The Times, 29 November 2016, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/news/sexism-fears-hamper-brain-researchrx6w39gbw (accessed 10 November 2018); L. Willgress, ‘Researchers’ sexism fears are putting women’s health at risk, scientist claims’, Telegraph, 29 November 2016, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/11/29/researchers-sexism-fears-putting-womens-health-risk-scientist (accessed 10 November 2018).